Why the End of History Is So Miserable
Political scientist Francis Fukuyama discusses his new memoir, clarifying his 'End of History' thesis and addressing the modern dissatisfaction with liberal democracy. He argues that the 'Last Man' condition—a state of boredom in a world without struggle—was always intended as a warning rather than a utopia.
Why it matters
Fukuyama's re-evaluation of his influential theory provides context for current global political instability and the perceived malaise in modern democratic societies.
Francis Fukuyama has long been considered a naive triumphalist. He now wants to set the record straight.
'Another Place' by Antony Gormley in Liverpool, United Kingdom ( Christopher Furlong / Getty ) September 9, 2026, 8 AM ET Share Save Francis Fukuyama never promised us we’d be happy.
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