A four-minute warning isn't enough: Russia's new relentless missile tactics exhaust Kyiv residents

Image source, BBC News Ukraine Image caption, Daria left her apartment in Kyiv this summer after Russia's attacks on the city intensified

For much of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Daria was not afraid of the shelling.

Even on nights of heavy bombardment, the 27-year-old could sleep through the explosions in her apartment in Kyiv. Like many Ukrainians, she relied on the "two-wall rule": staying safe by keeping two walls between herself and the outside world.

In recent months, Russia has scaled up the intensity and frequency of its attacks against the Ukrainian capital.

In the first 10 days of July alone, the Russians launched dozens of ballistic missiles in three major attacks, killing nearly 60 civilians, according to official figures. Similar large scale attacks took place in August and September.